Financial exclusion in ireland, the UK and the Netherlands Increase in loans to Czech households Who is excluded in Luxembourg? Austrians with no bank account Do volontary obligations work in Germany? The right to a bank account in France

Introduction p5 The design of reference budgets p11 The construction of reference budgets p27 The application of reference budgets p41 Case studies p51 (AT/BE/BG/SP/FI/DE/IE/SE/UK) Mutual learning on reference budgets: lessons learned p122

Reference budgets are expenditure patterns for different types of households. « The UK's New Minimum Income Standard « The Common Financial Statement (CFS) « Reference Budgets in the Netherlands « More than a Minimum Budget in Sweden « Minimum Essential Budget Standards in Ireland